| I. | Introduction: Definition, Nature and Scope of Philosophy |
| II. | Philosophical Methods: Socratic Method (Socrates); Inductive Method (Bacon, Mill); Deductive Method |
(Aristotle, Descartes); Dialectical Method (Hegel); Fallibilistic Method (Popper)
| III. | Epistemology: Rationalism (Plato, Descartes, Spinoza); Empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume); Transcendentalism (Kant); Intuitionism (Bergson) Ontology: Idealism (Plato, Berkeley); Representative Realism (Locke); Historical and Dialectical Materialism (Marx) |
| IV. |
V. Ethics: What is morality? The challenge of cultural relativism; Does morality depend
on religion? Psychological and ethical egoism: Virtue Ethics (Aristotle); Moral
Absolutism (Kant), Utilitarianism (J.S. Mill); Social Contract Theory (Hobbes, Rawls).
| VI. | Muslim Thinkers: Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, Al-Ghazali, Ibn Rushid, Ibn Khaldun, Shah Waliullah, Muhammad Iqbal. |
VII. Contemporary Philosophical Movements:
Existentialism (Heidegger, Sartre); Pragmatism (Peirce, James, Dewey);
Neo-pragmatism (Rorty); Postmodernism (Lyotard, Foucault, Derrida)
Suggested Reading For Philosophy
| S.No. | Title | Author |
| 1. | A History of Western Philo | Bertrand Russell |
| 2. | Philosophy: The Power of Ideas | Brooke Noel Moore & Kenneth Bruder |
| 3. | Elements of Moral Philo | James Rachels |
| 4. | Existentialism & Human Emotions | Jean Paul Sartre |
| 5. | The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge | Jean-Francois Lyotard |
| 6. | Descartes to Derrida: An Introduction to European Philosophy | Peter Sedgwick |
| 7. | Continental Philo in the 20th Century | Richard Kearney |
| 8. | A Short History of Modern Philo | Roger Scruton |
| 9. | A History of Muslim Philo. Volume I & II | M. M. Sharif |
| 10. | A History of Islamic Philo | Majid Fakhry |
| 11. | The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam | Muhammad Iqbal |
| 12. | Iqbal | Mustansir Mir |
| 13. | Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (plato.stanford.edu). | Internet Resources |
| 14. | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | Internet Resources |
What is Islam? Is it best code of life?