Geology Part- I (50-marks)
I. Introduction to Physical Geology
Introduction and scope of geology, its importance and relationship with other
sciences; Earth as a member of the solar system: its origin, age, composition and
internal structure; Introduction to rocks and minerals; Weathering and erosion;
Isostasy; Geological Time Scale.
II. Stratigraphy and Palaeontology
Principles of stratigraphy; Laws of superposition and faunal succession; Geological
time scale with divisions; Classification and nomenclature of stratigraphic units:
lithostragraphic units, bio stratigraphic units and chronostratigraphic units.
Introduction to fossils and their significance; Modes of fossilization; Study of
morphology, range and broad classification of major invertebrate phyla; Introduction
to micro fossils; Introduction to Palaeobotany; Introduction and classification of major
vertebrates; Introduction to micropaleontology
III. Mineralogy
Classification of minerals; Study of internal structure; Polymorphism and
isomorphism; Para genesis; Physical and optical properties of the common silicate
and non-silicate mineral groups; Introduction to crystallography: elements of
symmetry, study; normal classes of crystallographic systems.
IV. Structural Geology and Tectonics
Stress-strain concepts; factors controlling the mechanical behavior of materials;
Folds; Faults; Joints; Foliation: terminology, classification and relationship with
bedding; Lineation; Unconformity.
Plate tectonics theory; Geological evidences for continental drift; Sea-floor
spreading; Oceanic ridges; Continental rifts; Intra-oceanic islands; Hot spot and
Mantle plumes; Wilson Cycle; Tectonic framework of Pakistan.
V. Petrology and Petrography
Introduction, classification and description of sedimentary rocks; origin;
transportation and deposition of sediments; Texture of sedimentary rocks;
Sedimentary structures, their classification, morphology and significance;
Composition, origin, differentiation and evolution of magma; Classification of
igneous rocks; Mode of occurrences and types of extrusive rocks; Texture and
structure of igneous rocks; Introduction to metamorphism; Types of metamorphism;
Grades, zones and facies of metamorphism; Metamorphic diffusion and
differentiation; Metamorphism in relation to Plate Tectonics; Differentiation between
metamorphism and metasomatism.
Introduction to Polarizing Microscope; Optical properties of opaque and non-opaque
minerals in plane polarized light and under crossed Nicol including metallic under
reflected light; Description of optical properties of common rock forming minerals.
Part- II (50-marks)
I. Introduction to Geophysics
Definition and relation of geophysics with other sciences; Classification and brief
description of various branches of geophysics such as seismology, geomagnetism,
geoelectricity, tectonophysics, gravimetry, geo-thermy and geodesy; Introduction to
various geophysical techniques for exploration of mineral deposits, oil and gas,
subsurface water and engineering works.
II. Sequence Stratigraphy
Introduction: history, concept and significance of sequence stratigraphy; Data
sources: seismic reflections, outcrops, well logs, core and seismic facies;
Sea level changes: their causes and effects, accommodation, eustatic and relative
sea curve; Hierarchy of sequence stratigraphic elements; Types of sequences and
systems tracts.
III. Petroleum Geology
The nature and classification of petroleum hydrocarbons, their origin, migration and
accumulation; Source sediments, reservoir rocks and trapping mechanism for oil
and gas; Prospecting and exploration of oil and gas; Reservoir: characteristics, drive
mechanism, energy and pressure maintenance; Secondary and enhanced recovery;
Introduction to Sedimentary Basins of Pakistan.
IV. Engineering and Environmental Geology
Rock and soil mechanics and its application in civil engineering; Rock mass
characteristics; Geotechnical studies of rocks and soils; Geological factors and
strength of rocks; Study of geological factors in relation to the construction of
buildings’ foundations, roads, highways, tunnels, dams and bridges; Application of
geophysical methods for site investigation; Construction materials; Mass movement:
their causes and prevention.
Introduction to environmental geology; Management of natural resources; Global
climatic changes; Environmental controls for erosion, desertification and coastal
degradation; Geological hazards such as floods, landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis,
volcanoes, glaciers and shoreline processes; Remedial measures; Clean sources
of energy; Industrial pollution, solid and liquid waste disposal, Introduction to
environmental impact assessment and initial environmental examination.
V. Mineral and Energy Resources
Introduction of geological exploration/prospecting. Brief description of hydrocarbons,
coal, gemstones, copper, lead, zinc, iron, gold, chromite, manganese, salt,
gypsum, bauxite, sulphur, barite, fluorite, clays, phosphorite, building and dimension
stones; Industrial rocks and minerals; Radioactive minerals and rocks; Special
reference to economic mineral deposits in Pakistan.
Origin, occurrence, and depositional environments of coal; Coal constitution and its
kinds; Coal rank, grade and calorific value; Coal deposits of Pakistan with reference
to Thar Coal; Geothermal energy resources of Pakistan.
VI. Economic and Applied Geology
Metallic and Non-metallic mineral resources of Pakistan; Mineral-based industries.
Overview of Recode Copper; Radioactive minerals and their occurrences in
Pakistan; Gemstones of Pakistan.
Geology of Reservoirs, dams, highways and tunnels; Major natural hazards and their
impacts on the environment with special reference to Pakistan.
SUGGESTED READINGS
| S.No. | Title | Author |
| 1. | Physical Geology | Charles Plummer, David McGeary, Diane Carlson, |
| 2. | Physical Geology | Charles (Carlos) Plummer, Diane Carlson |
| 3. | Principles of Physical Geology | Holmes, A |
| 4. | Principles of Paleontology | Raup, D.M. & Stanley, S.M |
| 5. | Vertebrate Paleontology | Romer, A.S |
| 6. | Invertebrate Paleontology and Evolution | Clakson, E.N.K |
| 7. | Stratigraphy of Pakistan | Shah, S.M.I. |
| 8. | Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy | Boggs, S |
| 9. | Stratigraphy and Historical Geology of Pakistan | Kazmi, A.H and Abbasi, I.A |
| 10. | Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology | Best, M.G., |
| 11. | Introduction to Optical Mineralogy | Nesse, W.D |
| 12. | An Atlas of Minerals in Thin Section | Schulze, D.J., |
| 13. | Minerals and Rocks | Klein, C., |
| 14. | Mineral Characterisation and Processing | Mohapatra, B.K., Misra, V |
| 15. | Principles of Mineralogy | William. H.B., |
| 16. | Mineralogy | Perkins, D |
| 17. | Plate Tectonics – Geodynamics | Moores, E.M. & Twiss, R.J |
| 18. | Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions | George H. Davis, Stephen J. Reynolds, Charles F. Kluth |
| 19. | Structural Geology | Twiss, R.J. & Moores, E.M., |
| 20. | Carbonate Sedimentology | Tucker, M.E. & Wright, V.P |
| 21. | Applied Sedimentology | Selly, R.C., |
| 22. | Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks | Boggs Jr. S |
| 23. | Sedimentary Rocks | Pettijohn, F.J |
| 24. | Introduction to Applied Geophysics | Burger R.H., Sheehan, A. & Jones, C |